Acta medica Lituanica ISSN 1392-0138 eISSN 2029-4174

2021. Online ahead of print DOI: https://doi.org/10.15388/Amed.2021.28.2.12

Case of Severe Treatment-Resistant Cryptogenic Organizing Pneumonia

Domas Grigoravičius*
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Edvardas Žurauskas
National Center of Pathology, affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

Vygantas Gruslys
Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology of Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Center of Pulmonology and Allergology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania

Rolandas Zablockis
Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology of Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Center of Pulmonology and Allergology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania

Edvardas Danila
Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology of Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Center of Pulmonology and Allergology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania

Abstract. Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia is a rare interstitial lung disease with different onset of symptoms, which responds rapidly to glucocorticoid treatment. We present a case of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia which manifested as a progressive 3-year dyspnea that ultimately has led to acute respiratory failure. Moreover, treatment with prednisone for this patient exhibited slow onset of the effect.
Keywords: organizing pneumonia; acute respiratory failure; prednisone therapy

Gydymui atsparios kriptogeninės organizuojančios pneumonijos atvejis

Santrauka. Kriptogeninė organizuojanti pneumonija yra reta intersticinė plaučių liga, pasireiškianti įvairiais simptomais, kurie dažniausiai gretai išnyksta gydant gliukokortikoidais. Pristatome kriptogeninės organizuojančios pneumonijos atvejį, pasireiškusį 3 metus progresuojančiu dusuliu ir galiausiai išsivysčiusiu kvėpavimo nepakankamumu. Gydymas prednizolonu šiuo atveju nesukėlė tikėtino greito klinikinio atsako.
Raktiniai žodžiai: organizuojanti pneumonija; ūmus kvėpavimo nepakankamumas; gydymas prednizolonu

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* Corresponding author: Domas Grigoravičius, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, LT-03101, Vilnius, Lithuania. Tel: +37064134259. E-mail: domas.grigoravicius@gmail.com

Received: 25/03/2021. Revised: 27/06/2021. Accepted: 21/07/2021
Copyright © 2021 Domas Grigoravičius, Edvardas Žurauskas, Vygantas Gruslys, Rolandas Zablockis, Edvardas Danila. Published by Vilnius University Press.This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Introduction

Organizing pneumonia (OP) is a rare diffuse interstitial lung disease characterized by mesenchymal proliferates (Masson body) in the lung tissue histopathology [1]. There are no specific clinical and radiological findings attributed to this disease [2]. Etiologically OP can be either secondary (secondary to a lung injury such as infection, drug, and pathogen toxicity, gastroesophageal reflux, or radiotherapy and pulmonary lesions of another nature such as vasculitis, lymphoma, lung cancer, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, eosinophilic pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia [3]) or cryptogenic [2]. Although the exact prevalence of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (COP) is unknown, some studies present an estimated incidence of 1 to 3 per 100,000 hospital admissions [4]. Men and women are affected equally [4]. COP typically occurs in patients from 50 to 60 years of age [4], usually nonsmokers [3]. Patients with cryptogenic OP usually present with acute or subacute (days to weeks in duration) respiratory symptoms and rarely develop a progressive disease with severe dyspnea and hypoxemia [4,5]. Moreover, most symptoms are considerably improved shortly after glucocorticoid therapy [4,6]. We introduce an unusual case of the patient with chronic progressive and severe dyspnea leading to acute respiratory failure, and disease itself vaguely responding to glucocorticoid therapy.

Case Report

We present a case of a 54 years old women whose main complaint is shortness of breath. Dyspnea started three years ago and progressed from symptoms limited only to physical activity to dyspnea in rest. In 3 years, there were at least two acute viral respiratory infection episodes. The patient is a nonsmoker, has no comorbidities, and no exposition to respiratory toxins or professional hazards.

To specify possible causes of these symptoms, a thoracic CT was conducted and showed multiple bilateral confluent irregular foci mainly in the lower lobes, ground-glass appearance, and traction bronchiectasis, all suggesting interstitial lung disease (Figure 1).

Grigorav_1_pav.tif

Figure 1. Chest CT (2019.12.06) showing multiple bilateral confluent irregular opacities mainly in the lower lobes, ground-glass appearance, and traction bronchiectasis.

Due to progressive dyspnea, further management of the patient was continued in our department. Physical examination revealed a respiratory rate of 19 times per minute in rest and tachypnea during light physical activity (respiratory rate greatly elevated and was immeasurable). In auscultation, no audible rales and normal vesicular breathing were inspected. Peripheral blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) on room air was 95% in rest and 82–85% during light physical activity. With oxygen supply, SpO2 increased to 90–92%. Arterial blood gas examination showed partial oxygen pressure of 70.7 mmHg. Pulmonary function assessment demonstrated restriction and minor gas diffusion impairment (FVC 3.00 (72%), FEV1 2.55 (69%), FEV1/FVC 79%, TLC 5.03 (70%), VC 2.98 (72%), RV 1.82 (76%), RV/TLC 79%, DLCO 8.1 (62%)). Control chest roentgenography showed remaining signs of interstitial disease, mostly in the lower lobes (Figure 2).

Grigorav_2_pav.tif

Figure 2. Control chest roentgenogram (2020.02.12) showing bilateral interstitium infiltration (white asterisks) predominantly in the lower segments and focal infiltrative opacities.

Further diagnostics included bronchoscopy with lung cryobiopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Histological analysis confirmed interstitial lymphocytic infiltration with organizing pneumonia (Figure 3). BAL microscopic and microbiologic examination appeared without pathological changes: cancerous cells, acid-resistant bacteria, M. tuberculosis complex DNA, viruses were not detected. Bacteria, fungi, or M. tuberculosis growth was not observed. The patient tested negative for ANA and ANCA.

Grigorav_3_pav_teisingas.tif

Figure 3. HEx10.Lung biopsy showing mesenchymal proliferates in the alveoli (black stars), thickened alveolar septum with lymphocytes infiltration (black arrows) and edema in the alveolus (blue star).

Based on radiological and histological findings, and absence of etiologic factors patient was diagnosed with cryptogenic organizing pneumonia and was treated with an initial oral dose of 30 mg/d of prednisone for one month and gradually downgraded to 20 mg/d for two months.

After three months patient revisited for treatment control. Subjective patient symptoms were relieved, exercise tolerance increased slightly. Compared with the previous roentgenogram, Chest roentgenography showed minor positive dynamics mainly in the basal segments, although signs of the interstitial disease remain (Figure 4). In pursuance to avoid adverse events, the oral dose of prednisone was gradually reduced to 15 mg/d for three more months.

Grigorav_4_pav.tif

Figure 4. Chest roentgenogram (2020.05.06) after three months of prednisone treatment. Signs of interstitium infiltration (white asterisks) are decreased (improvement more pronounced on the left side) than in the control chest roentgenogram.

On the subsequent (after three more months) follow-up, normopnea (respiratory rate of 16 times per minute) in rest and normal lungs auscultation were observed. SpO2 in the rest of 96% (without supplemental oxygen) and 92% during physical activity (with supplemental oxygen) was measured. In contrast with the previous test, pulmonary function analysis showed minor positive dynamics, although restriction and gas diffusion impairment remain (FVC 2.97 (80%), FEV1 2.53 (80%), FEV1/FVC 84%, TLC 5.03 (59%), VC 2.96 (81%), RV 1.83 (32%), RV/TLC 37%, DLCO 8.0 (67%)). Due to the ongoing diminishing of symptoms, prednisone dose was reduced to 10 mg/d and prescribed for three months.

Discussion

The onset of COP is often no longer than three months with a subacute period of several weeks [7]. The most common symptoms are nonspecific and include malaise, cough, constitutional symptoms, and dyspnea [2,3,8]. The latter usually being chronic, progressive, and mild [9]. However, occasionally COP can be severe in a rapidly progressive form of the disease [9]. Unusually, for our patient COP the course was chronic (3 years), and symptoms progressed to severe dyspnea with acute respiratory failure without apparent reason.

In this case, an essential issue is slow positive dynamics in treating this patient with oral steroids and the need to continue such treatment. Most COP patients are treated with oral glucocorticoids causing rapid symptom relief and radiologic signs improvement [4,10]. However, radiologic signs in some instances can remain for up to several months or not resolve completely at all [11]. In our case, radiologic and symptomatic response to the initial dose of 30 mg/d and after one month shift to 20 mg/day for two more months of prednisone was poor.

The insufficient clinical effect of glucocorticoids in COP treatment is as high as 40% of all COP cases [12]. In addition, glucocorticoids in nearly one-third of the patients could cause adverse events including gastrointestinal bleeding, arterial hypertension, bone fracture, diabetes mellitus, bodyweight increase, and increase mortality rate [6]. Successful treatment of steroid-resistant COP is reported when, in combination with steroids or alone, rituximab [12], azathioprine [4,10], cyclophosphamide, cyclosporine A [4], and mycophenolic acid [13] are applied [14].

Furthermore, alternative pharmacological single-drug therapy in patients within normal ranges of pulmonary function parameters are macrolides, such as clarithromycin and azithromycin [6,14]. In comparison with glucocorticoids, macrolides cause fewer side effects and are suitable for patients for whom steroids are contraindicated, or the usage of those is limited [6,14]. Therefore, considering possibilities of alternative treatment and the fact that in a mild course of COP spontaneous regression could be seen, steroids should only be administered in cases of severely affected daily-life and hypoxemia [15], which are present in our patient.

Conclusions

It must be considered that COP can present atypically with progressing symptoms, which lead to respiratory failure. Treatment of COP with corticosteroids is the most effective in most cases, although the clinical and radiological effects may not be immediate and needs relatively long-term therapy. Our case report has limitations as the chest computed tomography was not done during a follow-up period.

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