Už universalių bazinių pajamų: pagal amžių indeksuojamos bazinės pajamos kaip principas kurti gyvenimo ciklo požiūriu grįstą tvarią<b> </b>gerovę
Straipsnyje vertinamos pagal amžių indeksuojamos bazinės pajamos (angl. Age-Indexed Basic Income, AIBI) kaip gyvenimo ciklo poreikiams jautri universaliųjų bazinių pajamų (angl. Universal Basic Income, UBI) alternatyva gerovės valstybėms, susiduriančioms su visuomenės senėjimu ir technologiniais pokyčiais. Nors universaliosios bazinės pajamos pasižymi administraciniu paprastumu, vienodo dydžio išmokų modelis sukuria didelį fiskalinį spaudimą, kai išmokų dydis nustatomas toks, kad reikšmingai mažintų skurdą. Remiantis iliustraciniu Suomijos gerovės valstybės fiskaliniu modeliavimu, tyrime nagrinėjama, ar pagal amžių indeksuotas universalus pervedimas galėtų sujungti esamas kategorines programas ir kartu išlikti finansiškai tvarus. Analizė rodo, kad AIBI leidžia geriau suderinti perskirstymą su prognozuojamais gyvenimo ciklo poreikiais bei sumažina riziką, kad teisę į paramą turintys asmenys ja nepasinaudos, supaprastina administravimą ir gali pakeisti fragmentuotas minimalių pajamų užtikrinimo schemas neatsisakant besąlyginės prieigos principo. Rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad AIBI gali užtikrinti fiskaliniu požiūriu tvaresnį universalų pajamų minimumą negu vienodo dydžio išmokomis grindžiami modeliai, tačiau jo įgyvendinimas kelia politinių ir institucinių iššūkių, susijusių su programų konsolidavimu ir tų grupių, kurių poreikius amžiaus kriterijus nepakankamai atspindi, apsauga.
Andrade, Carlos. “The Economics of Welfare Participation and Welfare Stigma: A Review.” Public Finance and Management 2, no. 2 (2002): 294–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/152397210200200201.
Askola, Joni, and Benjamin Davison. “The Welfare State Scattergram.” Politologija 110, no. 2 (2023): 75–103. https://doi.org/10.15388/Polit.2023.110.3.
Atkinson, Anthony B. Inequality: What Can Be Done? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.
Bargain, Olivier, Herwig Immervoll, and Heikki Viitamäki. “No Claim, No Pain: Measuring the Non-Take-up of Social Assistance Using Register Data.” Journal of Economic Inequality 10, no. 3 (2012): 375–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10888-010-9158-8.
Barr, Nicholas. The Economics of the Welfare State. 5th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
Besley, Tim. “Means Testing Versus Universal Provision in Poverty Alleviation Programmes.” Economica 57, no. 225, 1990. https://doi.org/10.2307/2554088.
Bidadanure, Juliana Uhuru. “The Political Theory of Universal Basic Income.” Annual Review of Political Science 22 (2019): 481–501. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070954.
Bloom, David E., David Canning, and Günther Fink. “Implications of Population Ageing for Economic Growth.” Oxford Review of Economic Policy 26, no. 4 (2010): 583–612. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grq038.
Börsch-Supan, Axel. “Challenges for European Welfare States.” International Tax and Public Finance 22, no. 4 (2015): 534–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10797-015-9363-2.
Browne, James, and Herwig Immervoll. “Basic Income as a Policy Option: Technical Background Note Illustrating Costs and Distributional Implications for Selected Countries.” OECD, 2017.
Claussen, Carl Andreas. “Persistent Inefficient Redistribution.” Working Paper 11/2002. Oslo: Norges Bank, 2002.
Currie, Janet. “The Take-Up of Social Benefits.” In Public Policy and the Income Distribution, edited by Alan J. Auerbach, David E. Card, and J. Miguel Iglesias, 80–148. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006.
Devereux, Stephen, and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler. “Transformative Social Protection.” IDS Working Paper 232. Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, 2004. https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/3390.
Dosi, Giovanni, and Maria Eenrica Virgillito. “Whither the Evolution of the Contemporary Social Fabric? New Technologies and Old Socio-Economic Trends.” International Labour Review 158, no. 4 (2019): 593–625. https://doi.org/10.1111/ilr.12145.
Dubois, Hans and Anna Ludwinek. “Access to Social Benefits: Reducing non-take-up.” Eurofound, 2015. https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/en/publications/all/access-social-benefits-reducing-non-take.
Duflo, Esther, and Abhijit V. Banerjee. Poor Economics: A Radical Rethinking of the Way to Fight Global Poverty. New York: PublicAffairs, 2011.
European Commission. Making work pay: A conceptual paper. Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, 2016. https://employment-social-affairs.ec.europa.eu/node/66_en.
Fiorina, Morris P., and Roger G. Noll. “Voters, Bureaucrats and Legislators: A Rational Choice Perspective on the Growth of Bureaucracy.” Journal of Public Economics 9, no. 2 (1978): 239–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0047-2727(78)90018-4.
Garfinkel, Irwin, Timothy M. Smeeding, and Lee Rainwater. Wealth and Welfare States: Is America a Laggard or Leader? Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Heckman, James J., and Stefano Mosso. “The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility.” Annual Review of Economics 6 (2014): 689–733. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080213-040753.
Herd, Pamela, and Donald P. Moynihan. Administrative Burden: Policymaking by Other Means. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2018.
Hiilamo, Heikki. “The Basic Income Experiment in Finland Yields Surprising Results.” University of Helsinki, 2020. https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/nordic-welfare-news/the-basic-income-experiment-in-finland-yields-surprising-results.
Hoynes, Hilary, and Jesse Rothstein. “Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries.” Annual Review of Economics 11 (2019): 929–958. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237.
Immervoll, Herwig, Henrik J. Kleven, Claus T. Kreiner, and Emmanuel Saez. “Welfare Reform in European Countries: A Microsimulation Analysis.” The Economic Journal 117, no. 516, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2007.02001.x.
International Labour Organization (ILO). World Employment and Social Outlook Trends 2024. International Labour Organization, 2024. https://www.ilo.org/global/research/global-reports/weso/trends2024.
International Monetary Fund. Fiscal Monitor: Tackling Inequality. Washington, DC: IMF, April 2017. https://www.imf.org/en/publications/fm/issues/2017/10/05/fiscal-monitor-october-2017.
Kanbur, Ravi. “Transfers, Targeting and Poverty.” Economic Policy 2, no. 4 (1987): 111–147. https://doi.org/10.2307/1344619.
Kangas, Olli, Signe Jauhiainen, Miska Simanainen, and Minna Ylikännö. “Experimenting with Unconditional Basic Income: Lessons from the Finnish BI Experiment 2017–2018.” Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2021.
Kela. “Kela Statistical Yearbook 2024.” Kela (2025). https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi-fe20251211117552.
Kela. “Kela Statistical Yearbook 2022.” Kela (2023). https://helda.helsinki.fi/items/d216fd3c-1bba-4416-9f06-5edf1a5e02a4.
Korpi, Walter, and Joakim Palme. “The Paradox of Redistribution and Strategies of Equality: Welfare State Institutions, Inequality, and Poverty in the Western Countries.” American Sociological Review 63, no. 5 (1998): 661–687. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657333.
Laín, Bru and Julià Albert. “Why Do Poor People Not Take Up Benefits? Evidence from the Barcelona’s B-MINCOME Experiment.” Journal of Social Policy (2022). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047279422000575.
Marc, Céline, Mickaël M. Portela, Cyrine Hannafi, Rémi Le Gall, Antoine Rode, and Stéphanie Laguérodie. “Non-Take-Up of Minimum Social Benefits: Quantification in Europe.” DREES, 2022.
Martinelli, Luke. “Assessing the Case for a Universal Basic Income in the UK.” IPR Report. Institute for Policy Research, University of Bath, 2017.
Matikka, Tuomas, and Tuuli Paukkeri. “Does Information Increase the Take-up of Social Benefits? Evidence from a New Benefit Program.” Empirical Economics 63, no. 6 (2022): 3253–3287.
Moffitt, Robert A. “The Deserving Poor, the Family, and the U.S. Welfare System.” Demography 52, no. 3 (2015): 729–749. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-015-0395-0.
OECD. Family Database. OECD Publishing, 2021.
OECD. “Income and Wealth Distribution Database.” OECD, 2023. https://www.oecd.org/data/oecd/46/39/income-and-wealth-distribution.htm.
OECD. Pensions at a Glance 2023: OECD and G20 Indicators. OECD Publishing, 2023.
OECD. Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1787/918d8db3-en.
Paukkeri, Tuuli. Essays on Public Economics. Doctoral dissertation, VATT Institute for Economic Research and Aalto University School of Business, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-274-220-9
Pierson, Paul. “The New Politics of the Welfare State.” World Politics 48, no. 2 (1996): 143–79. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0004.
Redmond, Paul, et al. “A Universal Basic Income for Ireland: Lessons from the International Literature.” 2022.
Statistics Finland. “Preliminary Population Statistics.” 2025. https://stat.fi/fi/uutinen/Suomi-lukuina-2025-nuorten-elaemaeae-numeroina.
THL. “Social Protection Expenditure and Financing Database.” Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare. Accessed February 22, 2026. https://thl.fi.
George Tsebelis. Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002.
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Prospects 2024. Online database. https://population.un.org/wpp/.
Vadapalli, Diwakar. “Barriers and Challenges in Accessing Social Transfers and Role of Social Welfare Services in Improving Targeting Efficiency: A Study of Conditional Cash Transfers.” Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 4, no. S1 (2009): 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450120903111883.
Frank Vandenbroucke. Solidarity Through Social Investment. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2021.
Van Parijs, Philippe, and Yannick Vanderborght. Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2017.
World Bank. The State of Social Safety Nets 2018. Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2018. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29115.
Özcan, Rasim. “Robotların Yükselişi! İşsizlik ve Gelir Üzerine Etkileri.” Öneri Dergisi (2019).
Šis darbas apsaugotas Creative Commons priskyrimo 4.0 viešąja licencija.