Taikomoji kalbotyra
type: channel
description: Founded in 2012 and dedicated to publishing research, overview, discussion articles, reviews and academic essays on issues of applied linguistics. Indexed in the Scopus database since 2021.
publisher: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla / Vilnius University Press
language: en
publication name: Taikomoji kalbotyra
issn: 2029-8935
items: Encoding Vertical Space in Language: A Cognitive-Semantic Study of the English below as Compared to the Lithuanian žemiau
items: Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Strategies of Colour Naming: Case Study of two Egyptian vlogs
items: Valency of the Verb diskutuoti and disputuoti in Contemporary Lithuanian Language
items: The Conference in Historical Sociolinguistics Celebrated the Twentieth Anniversary of HiSoN
items: Editorial Board and Table of Contents
items: Functions of English language in the Linguistic Landscape of Vilnius
items: Names and Surnames of Citizens of the Republic of Lithuania with the Letters X, W and Q: Argumentum Pro and Contra
items: Analysis of Lithuanian Adjectives Based on Corpus Linguistics Methodology: Identification of Atypical Usage
items: Local Identity in Southeastern Lithuania at the Beginning of the 21st Century
items: The Concept of Literacy in Lithuanian Language Textbooks for Native Speakers of Forms 1 to 4 Published in the Last Decades of the Soviet Era
items: Demographic influences on word associations
items: Valency of the noun neapykanta and words semantically related with it in contemporary Lithuanian (written) language
items: Conjunctions in Polish sign language dictionaries and signed texts translated from Polish
items: The Motivation of Young Argentinians of Lithuanian Origin to Learn the Lithuanian Language
items: Disagreement and forms of politeness in Moroccan media debate: An interactional approach
items: First graders’ metalinguistic awareness of the societal prestige of the standard variety
items: Easy language for social inclusion: case study
items: Codeswitching functions in Lithuanian vlogs
items: Uneducated and less trustworthy. Social distance in subconscious language attitudes towards Lithuanian-Russian accent speakers
items: The effect of auditory-visual stimuli in the Lithuanian non-word repetition test
items: Criteria for Identifying Adjectival Participles in Lithuanian
items: The Acquisition of Adjective Agreement by Bilingual Children
items: Asymmetric communication: How do we communicate with our pets and about them?
items: Language choice and code-mixing in a longitudinal study of an Estonian-English bilingual child
items: Embodiment and a sense of belonging in online language learning contexts
items: Asymmetry, but where? Terms of address in pet-, infant-, and child-directed speech in Turkish
items: Creation of an electronic learner corpus of French as a foreign language
items: Automatic part-of-speech tagging of the Tartu Corpus of Estonian Learner English with CLAWS7: impact of learner errors
items: Teaching the Hungarian accusative case to native speakers of Swedish – problems and solutions

Encoding Vertical Space in Language: A Cognitive-Semantic Study of the English below as Compared to the Lithuanian žemiau
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Motivated polysemy manifests an interesting line of inquiry from a cognitive perspective. This paper contributes to it by (1) identifying the senses, (2) analysing their relations and (3) comparing the semantic networks of the English <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">below<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> and the Lithuanian <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: in…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: motivated polysemy
  topic: keywords
subject: prepositions
  topic: keywords
subject: English
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian
  topic: keywords
creator: Ieva Stasiūnaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ieva Stasiūnaitė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-01
publication date: 2025-12-01
starting page: 10
ending page: 10
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.10

Egyptian Arabic-English Code-Switching Strategies of Colour Naming: Case Study of two Egyptian vlogs
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">This paper examines language choices between Egyptian Arabic and English in the use of colour terms within the bilingual online video performances of two Egyptian vloggers. The informants are two young Egyptian women whose YouTube content focuses on lifestyle topics, including shopping hauls and product reviews. In this case study, four hours of YouTube recordings were subjected to close qualitative analysis to explore how colour names and shades are expressed linguistically. Instances of colour naming in both English and Arabic were identified, and their frequencies were compared. Out of a total of 261 tokens, 52 were in English, 173 were in Arabic, and 36 were classified as mixed tokens. Using a usage-based approach, the study investigates the distribution of colour terms across languages and examines strategies of code-switching (CS). Particular attention is given to the use of basic colour terms (BCT), following Berlin and Kay’s (1969) theory. Finally, the linguistic choices of the two vloggers are compared to highlight similarities, differences, and potential patterns in their language use.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: code-switching
  topic: keywords
subject: colours
  topic: keywords
subject: Egyptian Arabic-English
  topic: keywords
subject: vlogs
  topic: keywords
subject: usage-based
  topic: keywords
creator: Natalia Siereda
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Natalia Siereda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-15
publication date: 2025-12-15
starting page: 144
ending page: 155
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.9

Valency of the Verb diskutuoti and disputuoti in Contemporary Lithuanian Language
type: item
description: <span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The object of this article are the verbs <em lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">diskutuoti <span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">(eng. <em lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">discuss<span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: verb diskutuoti
  topic: keywords
subject: verb disputuoti
  topic: keywords
subject: valency
  topic: keywords
subject: lexical semantic field
  topic: keywords
creator: Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Loreta Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-17
publication date: 2025-11-17
starting page: 121
ending page: 143
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.8

The Conference in Historical Sociolinguistics Celebrated the Twentieth Anniversary of HiSoN
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">This year’s conference, arranged by the Network of Historical Sociolinguists, HiSoN, took place at Bristol University (UK), the same institution where this network was established twenty years ago. Three days (May 21-23) were filled with presentations about ongoing research in language history, language ideology, and historical multilingualism. Advantages and challenges of working with special kinds of written heritage, such as sermons, periodicals, legal documents and letters, were discussed. Speakers shared their findings on the history and usage of English, Scots, Dutch, Icelandic, French, Spanish, Latin, Oscan, Basque, Greek, Nahuatl, and many other language varieties. The plenary speakers invited listeners to question the stereotypical language history views and summarised the network‘s achievements. Some questions, such as how to popularise the scientific view on the language history in society, how to match the knowledge about the newest scientific progress with the pragmatic side of the traditional language pedagogy, and how to ensure the accessibility of data for the researchers and ethical use of it after the research is published, were actively discussed but left open. The next HiSoN conference will be dedicated to research on spoken and written discourse in historical sources.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Historical Sociolinguistics Network
  topic: keywords
subject: conference
  topic: keywords
subject: Bristol University
  topic: keywords
subject: innovative linguistic research
  topic: keywords
creator: Veronika Girininkaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Veronika Girininkaitė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-15
publication date: 2025-09-15
starting page: 74
ending page: 80
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.5

Editorial Board and Table of Contents
type: item
description: -
subject: Front Matter
  topic: section
subject: -
  topic: keywords
creator: Meilutė Ramonienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 1
ending page: 4

Functions of English language in the Linguistic Landscape of Vilnius
type: item
description: Globalization has made English one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. It has become the language code of choice for international communication and plays an important role in various sociolinguistic contexts, such as public or globalized spaces (Pennycook 2010). As a result, English is the most frequently studied object in linguistic landscape studies (Gorter and Cenoz 2023: 252). Examining the use of English in public spaces is relevant because it not only helps to assess the extent to which English is used in various sociolinguistic contexts but also reflects its prestige, power, and socioeconomic values, as well as its relationship with other languages. This paper analyses the functions of the English in the linguistic landscape of Vilnius, exploring how these functions differ depending on the discourse type. An analysis of 861 signs revealed the presence of English in the following discourses: commercial, cultural, street art, infrastructural, public service, tourism, COVID-19, protest, sports, regulatory, political, and health promotion. The findings indicate that English mainly performs an informative function – 63.8% of cases. In certain discourses – public service, COVID-19, and regulatory – English plays an exclusively informative role. Conversely, the symbolic use of English is observed approximately three times less frequently, primarily in the street art and sports discourses, where it accounts for 91.9% and 46.1% of cases, respectively. The study also examines whether the functions of English differ between monolingual and multilingual signs. The analysis shows that the informative function of English is more prominent in multilingual signs, while its symbolic function is more frequent in monolingual signs where English is the sole language. These findings suggest that English occupies a lingua franca role in Vilnius’s linguistic landscape. On the other hand, qualitative analysis shows that English is often influenced by the local Lithuan…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: functions of English
  topic: keywords
subject: global English
  topic: keywords
subject: discourse types
  topic: keywords
subject: linguistic landscape
  topic: keywords
subject: Vilnius
  topic: keywords
creator: Inga Daraškienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 144
ending page: 157
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.9

Names and Surnames of Citizens of the Republic of Lithuania with the Letters X, W and Q: Argumentum Pro and Contra
type: item
description: <p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Until 2022, the names and surnames of persons of non-Lithuanian nationality in the passport of a citizen of the Republic of Lithuania were written in Lithuanian characters. The original form, written in Latin characters, including the letters x, w and q, could be retained by citizens of another state. According to a new law adopted by the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania in 2022, in certain cases, the names and surnames of citizens of the Republic of Lithuania and their children may be written in Latin characters, including x, w and q, without diacritical marks. There were heated discussions on the so-called issue of the three letters in the media. The study aims to reveal the diversity of views on the Seimas‘ decision and clarify the arguments used to evaluate the law mentioned earlier favourably or unfavourably. The research material is 16 in-depth semi-structured interviews. Respondents are users of social networks, mostly Facebook; all of them are of Lithuanian nationality. A rhetorical communication scheme was used to conduct qualitative content analysis typical of informative argumentative texts. The argumentation research scheme presented by Frans H. van Eemeren and Robert Grootendorst was partly followed, focusing mostly on the main statements and arguments. The work was carried out by identifying logical topic. <p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orph…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: surnames of Lithuanian citizens
  topic: keywords
subject: personal documents
  topic: keywords
subject: language policy
  topic: keywords
subject: communication
  topic: keywords
subject: arguments
  topic: keywords
creator: Lina Murinienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Lina Murinienė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-06
publication date: 2025-05-06
starting page: 21
ending page: 35
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.2

Analysis of Lithuanian Adjectives Based on Corpus Linguistics Methodology: Identification of Atypical Usage
type: item
description: <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">This article aims to present a study during which the usage of 94 adjectives was analyzed to identify the adjectives of atypical usage. In this research, atypical adjectives are those that differ from other adjectives in terms of their grammatical and lexical-semantic features. The adjectives were selected from the Lexical Database of Lithuanian Language Usage and analyzed using the Pedagogic Corpus of Lithuanian. In total, 12 relative and 82 qualitative adjectives were examined. The research is based on the principles of lexical grammar, which posits that words with distinct grammatical features tend to also exhibit different lexical-semantic features. The study identified 2 (16.67%) relative adjectives with atypical usage. They are relatively frequently used predicatively (e.g., paskutinis ‚last‘, vidutinis ‚average‘) and possess distinctive lexical semantic features (for example, the adjective paskutinis ‘last’ semantically resembles ordinal numerals). <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The analysis identified 21 (26%) qualitative adjectives with atypical usage. They were identified,…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adjectives
  topic: keywords
subject: atypical usage
  topic: keywords
subject: corpus linguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: lexical grammar
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian language
  topic: keywords
creator: Laima Jancaitė-Skarbalė
creator: Erika Rimkutė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Laima Jancaitė-Skarbalė | Erika Rimkutė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-11
publication date: 2025-09-11
starting page: 81
ending page: 105
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.6

Local Identity in Southeastern Lithuania at the Beginning of the 21st Century
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">The study, based on empirical data collected at the beginning of the 21<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">st<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> century from 17 <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decorati…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Southeastern Lithuania
  topic: keywords
subject: local identity
  topic: keywords
subject: the line between “local” and “non-local”
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnic identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Belarusian dialect “po prostu” (Eng. simple speech)
  topic: keywords
creator: Nijolė Tuomienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nijolė Tuomienė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-09
publication date: 2025-06-09
starting page: 36
ending page: 58
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.3

The Concept of Literacy in Lithuanian Language Textbooks for Native Speakers of Forms 1 to 4 Published in the Last Decades of the Soviet Era
type: item
description: <p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"> This article describes a study that aims to clarify the features of the concept of literacy that has been influenced by the ideology of a standard language, as presented in Lithuanian language textbooks for native speakers of forms 1 to 4 that were published in the last decades of the Soviet Era. The textbooks from the last decades of the Soviet era were chosen as the study material after noticing that during this period the pedagogies in other countries began to critically reflect on the role of the ideology of a standard language when teaching native languages, as well as to rather rely on the insights of modern linguistics and to foster linguistic awareness based on a scientific approach to language. The study found that textbooks for forms 1 to 4 published during the last decades of the Soviet era display a normative approach to language and literacy that stems from and supports the ideology of a standard language: pupils are encouraged to reproduce only the standard language forms and not deviate from the standard, while linguistic diversity is ignored, not scientifically interpreted, and treated as an error. <p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: ini…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: mother tongue
  topic: keywords
subject: standard language
  topic: keywords
subject: literacy
  topic: keywords
subject: standard language ideology
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian language textbooks
  topic: keywords
creator: Ramune Čičirkaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ramune Čičirkaitė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-06
publication date: 2025-05-06
starting page: 1
ending page: 20
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.1

Demographic influences on word associations
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Word associations are verbal responses to cues, typically studied using word association tests. This study examines how demographic factors, such as gender, age, settlement size, ethnographic region and education level, influence word associations. Data were collected online using a 30-stimulus research tool, resulting in 11,046 responses from 389 participants. Stereotypy, defined as the tendency for the same response to recur for a given cue word, was analyzed using multiple regression. The findings indicate that the associations provided by younger participants were more stereotypical than those of older participants, and women’s responses exhibited a higher degree of stereotypy compared to men’s. However, other demographic factors did not show a significant impact. The findings suggest that demographic factors help shape word associations, contributing to the growing body of research that highlights the influence of various factors on associative patterns. Additionally, this study provides valuable insights into Lithuanian, an under-researched language in the field of word association studies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: word associations
  topic: keywords
subject: word association test
  topic: keywords
subject: demographic factors
  topic: keywords
subject: multiple regression
  topic: keywords
creator: Marta Marija Aleknavičiūtė
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marta Marija Aleknavičiūtė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-04
publication date: 2025-11-04
starting page: 106
ending page: 120
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.7

Valency of the noun neapykanta and words semantically related with it in contemporary Lithuanian (written) language
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Using methods of interpretation, descriptive analysis, grammatical analysis, semantic and l<span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">exical analysis, 657 sentences containing different forms of the noun <em lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">neapykanta<span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickne…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: noun neapykanta
  topic: keywords
subject: valency
  topic: keywords
subject: lexical semantic field
  topic: keywords
creator: Veslava Čižik-Prokaševa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Veslava Čižik-Prokaševa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 158
ending page: 177
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.10

Conjunctions in Polish sign language dictionaries and signed texts translated from Polish
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">This study conducts a comparative analysis of conjunctions catalogued in Polish Sign Language (PJM) dictionaries, from historical to contemporary editions, and those used in actual PJM texts translated from Polish. The analysis includes dictionaries from the earliest known <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Słownik mimiczny dla głuchoniemych i osób z nimi styczność mających<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1"> (1879) to the contemporary online <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; te…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Deaf
  topic: keywords
subject: Polish Sign Language
  topic: keywords
subject: equivalents in sign language
  topic: keywords
subject: Polish conjunctions
  topic: keywords
creator: Monika Kozub
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Monika Kozub https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-11-14
publication date: 2024-11-14
starting page: 52
ending page: 61
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.4

The Motivation of Young Argentinians of Lithuanian Origin to Learn the Lithuanian Language
type: item
description: This paper describes a study that aims to answer the questions: what factors might encourage young Argentinians of Lithuanian origin to learn the Lithuanian language? What are the linguistic attitudes and opinions about Lithuania of young Argentinians of Lithuanian origin? What is their ethnic identity? The research analyzed the responses of 33 Argentinians of Lithuanian origin living in Lithuania and Argentina to a sociolinguistic form, a motivation questionnaire, and 5 semi-structured qualitative interviews with young Argentinians of Lithuanian origin living in Lithuania and Argentina. Descriptive statistics, qualitative analysis, and thematic analysis methods. The results of the data analysis show that the motivation of the research group to learn Lithuanian is quite strong. The research participants are most strongly motivated to learn Lithuanian by their positive attitudes towards the Lithuanian language, Lithuanians, and Lithuania and the weakest by the motivation of the ought-to L2 self. The regression analysis carried out in the study revealed that the motivation of the ought-to L2 self is stronger in the respondents living in Lithuania than in the participants of the research, who are living in Argentina. The older respondents and respondents who have lived in Lithuania for a longer time attitudes towards the Lithuanian language, Lithuanians, and Lithuania are less positive than among the younger respondents and respondents who have lived in Lithuania for a shorter time. Respondents who declared a stronger identity of Lithuanian have a stronger motivation to learn Lithuanian.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: foreign language learning motivation
  topic: keywords
subject: language attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: ethnic identity
  topic: keywords
subject: Argentinians of Lithuanian origin
  topic: keywords
subject: sociolinguistic factors
  topic: keywords
creator: Lina Kalnaitytė
creator: Loreta Vilkienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Lina Kalnaitytė | Loreta Vilkienė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 119
ending page: 143
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.8

Disagreement and forms of politeness in Moroccan media debate: An interactional approach
type: item
description: This study aims explores the concept of disagreement in Moroccan media debates during the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to analyse how disagreement is expressed and the forms it takes in the context of confrontational televised debates. Drawing on the framework of ethnomethodological conversational analysis, disagreement is viewed as a reactive act that is conditionally dependent on the speaker‘s initiating act. Recognising the potential risks of their respective acts, participants in these verbal interactions employ softeners and/or emphatics to mitigate or intensify their responses, striving to avoid outright rudeness when expressing disagreemnt. The analysis is based on a substantial corpus of transcribed and aligned speech, enabling the identification of key elements that shape responses in this context.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: disagreement
  topic: keywords
subject: interaction
  topic: keywords
subject: participants
  topic: keywords
subject: politeness effects
  topic: keywords
subject: televised debate
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassan Azouzi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Hassan Azouzi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-26
publication date: 2024-12-26
starting page: 104
ending page: 118
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.7

First graders’ metalinguistic awareness of the societal prestige of the standard variety
type: item
description: This paper discusses first graders’ linguistic biases in a Hungarian town where both the standard and the local varieties are used. Tests and interviews were conducted to determine whether the children who preferred the standard variety to the local dialect were able to verbalize their biases. In a preceding study conducted in the same town, kindergarteners of both genders preferred the standard variety but could not justify their linguistic choices. The current work showed that children became more judgmental and more aware of their biases in the first year of school. First graders commented on their preferences and followed the adult stereotype when describing the typical local speaker as “older, rural, male”. However, there was no evidence of gendered socialization in the children’s linguistic preferences. The qualitative change in the first graders’ metalinguistic awareness of the prestige of varieties highlights the impact of school on sociolinguistic acquisition.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: first graders
  topic: keywords
subject: linguistic prestige
  topic: keywords
subject: local variety
  topic: keywords
subject: metalinguistic awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: standard variety
  topic: keywords
creator: Krisztina Fehér
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Krisztina Fehér https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-12
publication date: 2024-12-12
starting page: 77
ending page: 103
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.6

Easy language for social inclusion: case study
type: item
description: The research is devised as a case study focused on the study course “Easy Language for Social Inclusion” developed within the ERASMUS+ project “Promoting Easy-to-Read Language for Social Inclusion/PERLSI”. The discussion is contextualized within a broader discourse on the training opportunities available for translators in the project countries (Latvia, Lithuania, and Slovenia). The macro-level of analysis introduces the socio-political frame of discourse on inclusion and information accessibility. The meso-level discussion evolves around the Easy language translator’s profile, based on the best practice offered by German scholars (Maaß and Rink 2020) and the immediate experience acquired during the project. Micro-level analysis offers insights into the course syllabus, the study materials developed to ensure the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for reducing cognitive load at lexical, syntactic, and textual levels as well as the visual language of the text.
subject: Reviews, opinions, overviews
  topic: section
subject: intralingual translation
  topic: keywords
subject: Easy language
  topic: keywords
subject: information accessibility
  topic: keywords
subject: Easy language translator profile
  topic: keywords
subject: cognitive load reduction
  topic: keywords
creator: Velga Polinska
creator: Dite Liepa
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 221
ending page: 229
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.16

Codeswitching functions in Lithuanian vlogs
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The aim of the present paper is to examine the phenomenon of codeswitching, namely the linguistic repertoire, the frequency, and the social functions of codeswitching appearing in the spoken language of Lithuanian vlogs – a genre that has not been researched in Lithuania at all. The analyzed vlogs cover a wide range of topics, including fashion and beauty, online entertainment, housekeeping, and agriculture. 253 instances of codeswitching were identified in the corpus of 23,562 words, suggesting a predominantly monolingual speech community in Lithuania. To determine the social motivations behind codeswitching, Appel & Muysken’s (2005) six codeswitching functions were followed. The results show that the referential function of codeswitching is used the most in the speech of Lithuanian vloggers, appearing mostly in contexts where direct equivalents of words in Lithuanian were missing. Codeswitching for expressive purposes was also frequent, appearing in contexts where speakers’ emotions and sentiments were emphasized through language use. Other functions, i.e. directive, phatic, and metalinguistic, were not numerous in use, with the poetic function of codeswitching entirely absent from the corpus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: sociolinguistics
  topic: keywords
subject: oral communication
  topic: keywords
subject: functions of codeswitching
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian vlogs
  topic: keywords
subject: YouTube
  topic: keywords
creator: Jekaterina Šukalova
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Jekaterina Šukalova https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-25
publication date: 2025-06-25
starting page: 59
ending page: 73
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2025.22.4

Editorial Board and Table of Contents
type: item
description: -
subject: Front Matter
  topic: section
subject: -
  topic: keywords
creator: Meilutė Ramonienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 1
ending page: 4

Uneducated and less trustworthy. Social distance in subconscious language attitudes towards Lithuanian-Russian accent speakers
type: item
description: Sociological surveys have shown that social distance towards Lithuanian-Russians (the so-called “ethnic Russian minority” in Lithuania) is rather marginal or non-existent. This paper presents a pilot study at Vilnius schools (n=151), which used the verbal guise technique to investigate subconscious language attitudes towards Lithuanian (i) with Vilnius speech traits, (ii) with a Lithuanian-Russian accent, and (iii) with a Scandinavian accent – an accent presumed unfamiliar to the study participants. Half of the participants were also informed of the speaker’s profession to assess if it can reverse their attitudes. The main findings of the study show that speakers with a Lithuanian-Russian accent are perceived as less interesting, less educated, less trustworthy, and older. These results put into question the notion of absent social distance towards Lithuanian-Russians, highlighting the need for further research on this topic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: subconscious language attitudes
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian-Russians (“ethnic Russian minority”)
  topic: keywords
subject: social distance
  topic: keywords
subject: Lithuanian language with an accent
  topic: keywords
subject: unfamiliar accent
  topic: keywords
creator: Prieglius Žuklys-Rogoża
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Prieglius Žuklys-Rogoża https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-12-11
publication date: 2024-12-11
starting page: 62
ending page: 76
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.5

The effect of auditory-visual stimuli in the Lithuanian non-word repetition test
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The aim of this study is to compare research data collected using two different non-word repetition test procedures (live stimuli vs. audio-recorded stimuli). The study sample consists of 100 typically developing children (aged 4;00–5;11) and 50 adults (mean age ~ 30).<br style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The comparison of the different modes of the non-word repetition test suggests that the presentation of the stimuli (live vs. audio-recorded) influences the accuracy of the test results. The study found that visual stimuli significantly improved non-word repetition accuracy for both…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Non-word repetition test
  topic: keywords
subject: language perception
  topic: keywords
subject: language acquisition
  topic: keywords
subject: auditory-visual stimuli
  topic: keywords
creator: Eglė Krivickaitė-Leišienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 208
ending page: 220
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.15

Criteria for Identifying Adjectival Participles in Lithuanian
type: item
description: <span lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">The aim of this paper is to present criteria for identifying adjectival Lithuanian participles, which function as adjectives but have participial forms, and to explain how adjectival participles can be identified through corpus data analysis. The relevance of the research lies in the fact that adjectival participles are considered as adjectives in dictionaries. Moreover, the devised identification criteria may be of added value for part-of-speech tagging, teaching Lithuanian, and other related domains. The article examines the concept of adjectivization, proposing a potential classification of Lithuanian participles based on the extent of their adjectivization (i.e., fully adjectival and partially adjectival participles). It also suggests criteria for identifying adjectival participles. The criteria, categorized into grammatical, semantic, derivational, and quantitative, are distinguished based on prior research and a pilot study. The data for the pilot study was extracted from <em lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Mokomasis lietuvių kalbos vartosenos leksikonas…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adjectival participles
  topic: keywords
subject: adjectivization
  topic: keywords
subject: grammar
  topic: keywords
subject: he Lithuanian language
  topic: keywords
subject: corpus linguistics
  topic: keywords
creator: Laima Jancaitė
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 183
ending page: 207
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.14

The Acquisition of Adjective Agreement by Bilingual Children
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">While studies on the acquisition of adjective agreement in the Lithuanian language are scarce, some research indicates that children face challenges in understanding morphosyntactic relationships, leading to errors in the use of adjectives and nouns in agreement. Consequently, children may switch less common inflections to more common ones, select declension paradigms based on analogy to other words, and exhibit errors in the grammatical category of gender. The present study investigates adjective agreement in bilingual children. Thirty-five bilingual children residing outside Lithuania completed a task based on a corpus of children’s and child-directed speech. The experimental task aimed to capture the diversity of adjective and noun paradigms. Test choices included, alongside the correct one, a paradigm error (a different paradigm inflection), a number error (a different number in the target paradigm), and a gender error (a different gender in the target paradigm). Results reveal that bilingual children encounter the most difficulty with agreement due to inflectional diversity, involving changes in inflection from unproductive to productive paradigms and copying noun inflections. Agreement errors in gender and number are also associated with paradigm diversity.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: adjective
  topic: keywords
subject: agreement
  topic: keywords
subject: morphosyntax
  topic: keywords
subject: bilingualism
  topic: keywords
subject: inflection
  topic: keywords
creator: Jonas Stepšys
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 172
ending page: 182
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.13

Asymmetric communication: How do we communicate with our pets and about them?
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The emotional bond between pets and their owners is intimate in many cultures, where pets are often regarded as family members or even children. Communication with pet animals is frequently likened to infant/child-centered speech situations (Mattiello et al. 2021: 150). Pet owners commonly employ specific language forms that convey sympathy, empathy, or playfulness. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of pet-directed speech in Lithuanian, utilizing a questionnaire survey conducted through the Google Forms platform.<br style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" /><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Survey data reveal…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: asymmetric communication
  topic: keywords
subject: pet directed speech
  topic: keywords
subject: diminutive
  topic: keywords
subject: onomatopoeia
  topic: keywords
subject: adjective
  topic: keywords
creator: Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė
creator: Ineta Dabašinskienė
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė | Ineta Dabašinskienė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 158
ending page: 171
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.12

Language choice and code-mixing in a longitudinal study of an Estonian-English bilingual child
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">The input that bilingual children receive influences their language proportions, language development, and code-mixing. Most studies on these topics have included early bilinguals whose input proportions undergo large changes in early childhood and whose parents use the one-parent-one-language family language policy. This paper examines the input-output proportions of an Estonian-English bilingual child over a period of 2.5 years (2;3-5;0<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">1<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">) using recorded spontaneous speech from a situation where th…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: early bilingualism
  topic: keywords
subject: input
  topic: keywords
subject: output
  topic: keywords
subject: code-mixing
  topic: keywords
subject: mean length of utterance
  topic: keywords
creator: Piret Baird
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Piret Baird https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-10-18
publication date: 2024-10-18
starting page: 35
ending page: 51
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2024.21.3

Embodiment and a sense of belonging in online language learning contexts
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">This paper studies how embodiment is realised in distance and online language learning. Eleven students from the University of Helsinki Language Centre participated in the study. The interviews conducted were thematic, and the research question was as follow: How is embodiment evident in students’ narratives about online language learning? I apply nexus analysis (Scollon & Scollon 2004, 2007, 2009) as the analytical method of this study. Focusing on the connections between narratives of historical bodies and language learning in online contexts, four distinct discourses emerged in the data: 1) the lack of embodiment; 2) embodiment as a matter of power; 3) private, safety-giving embodiment; and 4) embodiment in relation to the material and social world.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: embodiment
  topic: keywords
subject: language learning
  topic: keywords
subject: online learning
  topic: keywords
subject: sense of belonging
  topic: keywords
creator: Minna Intke-Hernandez
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 104
ending page: 125
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.8

Asymmetry, but where? Terms of address in pet-, infant-, and child-directed speech in Turkish
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">Terms of address in Turkish spontaneous pet-, infant-, and child-directed speech were compared in terms of the proportion of diminutive and hypocoristic morphemes attached to various types of bases. The goal of the study was to see whether there was any difference in their distribution in different addressee groups that could be attributed to the asymmetrical communication in pet-directed speech. The results showed that, in Turkish, a language poor in diminutives and hypocoristics, the asymmetry is not observed in the distribution of diminutive and hypocoristic forms. It is observed, however, in the morphopragmatic expression of endearment in general that included the possessive morphology, which seemed to be an alternative form used instead of diminutives and hypocoristics or along with them.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: pet-directed speech
  topic: keywords
subject: diminutive
  topic: keywords
subject: hypocoristics
  topic: keywords
subject: terms of address
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subject: Turkish
  topic: keywords
creator: F. Nihan Ketrez
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 149
ending page: 157
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.11

Creation of an electronic learner corpus of French as a foreign language
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">According to research findings, learner corpora can have many functions in the field of Applied Linguistics. This was the thinking behind the creation of the <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">KPG Learner Corpus of French<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">1<em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: learner corpus
  topic: keywords
subject: French as a foreign language
  topic: keywords
subject: National Foreign Language Exam System (Κρατικό Πιστοποιητικό Γλωσσομάθειας, ΚΠΓ)
  topic: keywords
subject: language certification
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subject: written production
  topic: keywords
creator: Olympia Tsaknaki
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 141
ending page: 148
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.10

Automatic part-of-speech tagging of the Tartu Corpus of Estonian Learner English with CLAWS7: impact of learner errors
type: item
description: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The present paper, which is a continuation of Tammekänd and Torn-Leesik’s (2022) study, aims to examine how learner errors affect the CLAWS7 tagger’s automated assignment of part-of-speech (POS) tags to a sample of 24,812 words of the Tartu Corpus of Estonian Learner English (TCELE). Learner errors causing tagging errors in the sample were identified, based on which a working error taxonomy was created. The POS-tagged and error-tagged samples were collated and compared to map correlations between learner and tagging errors. Error groups that correlated with significantly increased rates of tagging errors were identified. Possible reasons were suggested to account for the impact of learner errors on the tagger’s performance. The CLAWS7 tagger misanalysed only 2.8% of forms representing learners’ language errors but assigned wrong tags to every fifth spelling error (22%).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: learner English
  topic: keywords
subject: automatic POS-tagging
  topic: keywords
subject: learner errors
  topic: keywords
subject: TCELE
  topic: keywords
subject: CLAWS7
  topic: keywords
creator: Liina Tammekänd
creator: Reeli Torn-Leesik
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 126
ending page: 140
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.9

Teaching the Hungarian accusative case to native speakers of Swedish – problems and solutions
type: item
description: The accusative case has a widespread use in Hungarian, as it marks direct objects, and it is also used to form certain types of adverbials. In standard Swedish, nouns used as direct objects are never marked, and expressing the direct object function is linked to invariant structural positions in sentences, while traces of (formal and functional) accusative remain in active usage for personal pronouns only. Besides, the Hungarian accusative usually causes extra difficulties for Swedish native speakers because of the resemblance of the Hungarian accusative suffix ‑(V)t and the Swedish suffixed definite article ‑(e)t for neuter nouns in singular. The paper demonstrates different types of mistakes made by Swedish university students learning Hungarian, comparing their difficulties to those of other students having Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic or Finnish as mother-tongue. A similar issue concerning accusative in the South Saami language is presented as well. The paper also discusses how the Hungarian accusative can be effectively introduced to Swedish learners.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: accusative
  topic: keywords
subject: direct object marking
  topic: keywords
subject: definiteness
  topic: keywords
subject: Hungarian as a foreign language
  topic: keywords
subject: North Germanic languages
  topic: keywords
creator: Gábor Tillinger
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-28
publication date: 2023-12-28
starting page: 89
ending page: 103
doi: 10.15388/Taikalbot.2023.20.7