Įkurtas 1935 m. Žurnalą leidžia Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas. Skirtas folkloro, mitologijos, kultūrinės antropologijos, etnologijos ir kitų susijusių sričių tyrimams, reikšmingiems kultūros istorijai ir šiuolaikiniams jos procesams pažinti.
The Institute of Lithuanian Literature and Folklore / Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Full bibliography of Tautosakos darbai / Folklore studies: 2021–2025 (vols. 61–70)
2015 m., minint mokslo žurnalo Tautosakos darbai aštuoniasdešimtmetį ir leidžiant jubiliejinį, 50-ąjį, tomą, sumanyta parengti leidinio bibliografiją, apimančią visus 1935–2015 m. išėjusius tomus. Kadangi aprašant atskiras bibliografines nuorodas buvo nukrypstama nuo griežtų bibliografijos pateikimo reikalavimų, įtraukta daugiau informacijos, nei įprasta, darbas pavadintas bibliografiniu duomenynu1. Po penkerių metų publikuotas tęsinys – „Tautosakos darbų bibliografinis duomenynas: 2016–2020 (t. 51–60)“2, o šiame tome skelbiama 2021–2025 m. išėjusių leidinio numerių bibliografija, paliekant pasirinktą modelį (tomų turiniai sudedami pamečiui) ir tęstinę numeraciją. Aprašant atskirus tomus laikomasi ankstesnės struktūros: straipsniai, folkloro, archyvinės medžiagos publikacijos, įvairūs informaciniai reportažai ir kt. išdėliojami pagal tam tikras tekstų žanrą ar paskirtį nurodančias antraštes; bibliografiniai publikacijų aprašai registruojami abėcėlės tvarka pagal autorių pavardes, šaltinių – pagal pavadinimą. Bibliografiškai aprašant atskiras publikacijas pateikiama visa su konkrečiu tekstu susijusi informacija: aprašo pabaigoje laužtiniuose skliaustuose, be pagrindinės informacijos apie santrauką (ta kalba, kuria ji parašyta), priedus, rodykles, iliustracijas ir kt., teikiamos nuorodos į kitus tekstus (skyrium skelbiamą susijusį autoriaus straipsnį arba parengtą šaltinį) ir pan. Bibliografinio duomenyno pabaigoje pateikiamas Tautosakos darbų 61–70 numerių parengėjų sąrašas (p. 199), pagalbinė asmenvardžių rodyklė (p. 199–201).
“Everyone Plays Their Own Pipe”: Reflections on the Study of Brass Bands in Lithuanian Culture
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Rūta Žarskienė, Pučiamųjų instrumentų ansambliai ir orkestrai tradicinėje Lietuvos kultūroje, [knygą parengė ir santrauką parašė Austė Nakienė], Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2024, 304 p., ISBN 978-609-425-391-1
<p style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Aelita Kensminienė, Lietuvių mįslės: Funkcionavimas ir poetika, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2024, 559 p., ISBN 978-609-425-384-3
From the Absence of Love to the Lasting Connection: Publication of Janina Degutytė’s Letters
<em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Janinos Degutytės laiškynas<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">, sudarė Giedrė Šmitienė, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2025. – 3 knygos: kn. 1: <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Nemeilės šešėly: susirašinėjimas su motina Janina Degutiene<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">, 303 p., ISBN 978-609-425-408-6; kn. 2: <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Tveriantis ryšys: susirašinėjimas su Bronislava Jacevičiūte-Jėčiūte<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">, 384 p., ISBN 978-609-425-410-9; kn. 3: <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Draugystė laiškais: susirašinėjimas su Lena Rapaliene<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">, 273 p., ISBN 978-609-425-409-3
A Short Story about a Great Story about Life Stories
Jurga Jonutytė, Sniego spalva per balta. Norma ir galia sakytiniuose diskursuose, Vilnius: Hubris, 2025, 342 p., ISBN 978-609-8280-86-9
The Artistic Expression of Folk Musician Jonas Širvys: An Anthropological Study
Outcasts and Rivals: Stereotypes of Single Mothers in the Media and Life Stories
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The article examines the personal experiences of single mothers and the surrounding public opinion and media environment, which both reflects and influences the world mothers live in. Single mothers, as a vulnerable group in society, are associated with stereotypes and prejudices in the media and in comments from relatives. It is true that until now most topics related to motherhood, fatherhood, and family structure are usually studied separately in the fields of sociology, family policy, law and psychology, but the disciplines of ethnology and cultural anthropology could provide a deeper look into being a single mother and offer a more complex analysis, showing how social, psychological, legal and communication aspects are closely interconnected and experienced in individual situations. For the research, I analyzed media content and collected personal life stories of single mothers in the form of interviews about their daily experiences and how their environment affects them. Here, I analyze excerpts from nine such interviews and my own articulated experience, delving deeper into it from the perspective of semiotic and phenomenological anthropology. The aim of the analysis is to reveal how these experiences are expressed and what personal, social and cultural aspects they may reveal, thus seeking to better understand the phenomenon of being a single mother.
Reflection on Partisan War and Images of the Enemy in the Publication Prie rymančio Rūpintojėlio (1949–1953)
<p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The article analyzes the content of the periodical of the Lithuanian Freedom Fight Movement, Prie rymančio Rūpintojėlio (1949–1953). The periodical is perceived as an instrument that formed the collective identity of the partisans and represented an ideologically tinted narrative of the partisan war, designed to strengthen the determination of the fighters to resist and provide a contrast to the myths spread by the Soviet propaganda. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Based on the documents of the partisan leadership, it can be stated that the newspaper was regarded as exemplary for all the partisan units, conveying the leadership’s attitude to the struggle and shaping the images of the partisans and their enemies. The title of the publication [‘By the pensive Christ’] suggests the activities of the partisans being inseparable from the Christian values. Attention is also paid to determination, the importance of public support, and fearlessness, which highlight the idealized image of the fighter. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Although some of the leadership criticized the image of the pensive Christ as the main symbol and suggested that more emphasis be placed on images that encouraged fighting, the content of the publication remained largely consistent throughout the entire period of publication. The role of the partisans as fighters representing goodness and spiritual values was reinforced by images of the enemy: both external and internal enemies were depicted as morally wrong and not to be feared by the partisans. All this corresponded to the partisan leadership’s concept of the fight and allowed for enhancing its meaning.
The Limits of the Vernacular: Censorship of Vulgarisms in the Publishing Process of Kristijonas Donelaitis’ Works
<p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The article analyzes expurgation and euphemization of rough vernacular lexis and phraseologisms in the process of publishing Kristijonas Donelaitis’ works in the 19th–20th centuries. Most frequently, words indicating the processes of physiological excretion, and phraseologisms formed using them were cut out or changed. All cases of euphemization of K. Donelaitis’ vulgarisms are discussed in the article, explaining how they changed the style, semantics and meter of the poetic work. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Using Pierre Bourdieu’s theoretical approach to the sociology of language, the article examines the linguistic attitudes of the editors of K. Donelaitis’ works in the sociocultural context of the time. It is assumed that the editors’ decision to remove vulgarisms from K. Donelaitis’ works could also have been influenced by their desire to ensure the poet a central position in the canon of national literature. Although this article focuses on censorship of K. Donelaitis’ vulgarisms, it reflects the general dynamics of restrictions imposed on vernacular lexis that took place in the Lithuanian culture in the 19th–20th centuries.
(Un)interrupted Journey: Experiences of Health Disorders in Women’s Travel Narratives
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The article analyzes women’s experiences of health disturbances during travel in the context of lifestyle mobilities and migration. The study reveals how women who understand travel as an emancipatory practice of gaining freedom and autonomy encounter unexpected situations of immobilization and dependency, and what meanings the experiences of passivity and care acquire in this context. The research material consists of the author’s autoethnographic diary and four interviews with Lithuanian women travelers conducted in 2025 in Fuerteventura and remotely. The phenomenological approach makes it possible to understand that the physical standstill experienced during illness does not necessarily signify a rupture in the journey or a loss of freedom. On the contrary, passivity may become an alternative form of agency, when dependence on others and acceptance of care liberate one from the demands of constant control and productivity. Sara Ahmed’s affect theory helps to reveal how the hospital can become a space that permits what in ordinary everyday life appears to deviate from norms or is even prohibited and stigmatized. Outside the hospital, even when experiencing severe physical impairment, women still strive to maintain a controlling relation to the world, to care rather than to accept care, or to accept it only conditionally, which intensifies tension and discomfort.
Copyright (c) 2025 Agnė Gintalaitė https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Long-Awaited 26th Volume of the „Book of Lithuanian Folk Songs“ – Second Volume of the Calendar Songs
<em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Lietuvių liaudies dainynas<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> 26: <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Kalendorinių apeigų dainos<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> 2: <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Pavasario-vasaros ciklo dainos<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">, parengė Jurgita Ūsaitytė, melodijas parengė Aušra Žičkie<a id="_idTextAnchor000" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1"><span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">nė, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2023. – 563 p.: gaid. + 2 kompaktinės plokštelės
A Comprehensive Guide to the World of Latvian Mythology
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">Sandis Laime, <em style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">Latviešu teiku tipu un motīvu rādītājs: Raganas = Latvian Legend Type and Motif Index: Witches<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">, Rīga: LU Literatūras, folkloras un mākslas institūts, 2024, 688 p., ISBN 978-9984-893-79-2
On the Occasion of Publication of Janina Degutytė’s Letters
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Pokalbis su knygos sudarytoja GIEDRE ŠMITIENE ir moksline redaktore JURGA JONUTYTE
Touched by Venus: The Concept and Treatment of Syphilis in the First Half of the 20th Century Lithuania
<strong style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">In this article, using studies by the Lithuanian and foreign medical historians, data from archaeological research conducted in Lithuania, and the interwar press, I delve into the history of a new disease appearing in Europe at the end of the 15<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">th<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> century – syphilis – in order to answer the question, why this disease, in spite of the number of patients, which grew extremely rapidly in Lithuania in the first half of the 20<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">th<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> century and caused great concern among doctors and general public, practically left no traces in the Lithuanian folklore. I assume that the lack of material about syphilis in our folklore could have been determined by the complexity of diagnosing this disease, including its sexual nature as an uncomfortable and shameful topic. The conducted research enables me to confirm this hypothesis, because, as testified by the collected material, in the first half of the 20<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">th<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> century, especially in the provinces, syphilis was likely not to be distinguished from other diseases (e. g. skin diseases), so this sexually transmitted infection could be treated in the same way as other diseases. In addition, among the people, catching the “French” disease was considered a great shame, which could result in exclusion of the sufferer from the community.
Modern Situational Sayings by Children and Young People
<p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">An important incentive for the emergence and existence of situational sayings is the eternal human desire to make fun, to surprise, to express themselves more suggestively, and when angry, to respond more or less rudely. This article presents and analyzes situational sayings existing among Lithuanian children and young people at the beginning of the 21st century. Having outlined their main features characteristic of the analyzed age group, the author demonstrates how these features are reflected in several currently popular thematic groups of the situational sayings. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Young people employ traditional sayings known to several generations, but often create new ones as well. The impetus for the emergence of new sayings is given by various relevant everyday phenomena and objects, as well as excellent use of the opportunities provided by the native language – consonances, puns, and diversity of word meanings. Situational sayings, like the entire modern children’s and youth folklore, are characterized by comicality, absurdity and obscenity. The use of the situational sayings highlights their playful function. However, witty sayings not only enliven speech – some situational expressions (for example, those used when greeting, thanking, or arguing) also partially perform a didactic function, introducing the rules of etiquette and correct behavior to the children.
Folklore in the Lithuanian Elementary Books from the 19th to the Beginning of the 20th Century
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1">Since the beginning of the 19<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">th<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> century, the number of new Lithuanian elementary books kept growing in Lithuania. In addition to their religious content, secular content became more important, so along with prayers, truths of faith, litanies and mass texts, these publications increasingly included secular didactic pieces of fiction and various cognitive information. At the beginning of the 20<sup style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;" data-mce-fragment="1">th<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;" data-mce-fragment="1"> century, secular elementary books became well established. In some of them, literary pieces prevailed, others relied on folklore, but most often the compilers of elementary books used both literary and folklore texts. By combining examples of written and oral traditions, the authors sought to achieve ethical, didactic, cognitive and emotional impact. The study presents and discusses elementary books in more detail, starting with Kajetonas Nezabitauskis’ publication “New Science of Reading for Young Children of Samogitia and Lithuania” (1824), and concluding with elementary books published before the declaration of the Lithuanian Independence in 1918. The main points of discussion include these questions: 1) what were the social, cultural, and political prerequisites for the use of folklore in elementary books, 2) what folklore genres are used in them, 3) how is folklore combined with other reading, 4) what artistic, didactic, and ideological qualities distinguish the folklore presented in elementary books, and 5) what could have been the declared goals of educators of the time for using folklore?
Conforming but not Forgetting: Stories by Partisan Children about (Non)adaptation to the Soviet Occupation
<p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Based on the second generation stories collected in 2019–2024, the article examines the forms and practices of resistance and adaptation to the Soviet regime in the families of participants of the partisan war. Resistance was expressed by means of cultivating the ideas of freedom, transmitting the memory of partisan activities and repressions against partisans to the children, as well as religious practices, listening to the foreign radio stations, singing partisan and deportees’ songs, and criticism of the regime. These practices either compensated for the silenced experiences of the parents or supplemented them in terms of value. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Children willingly and with pride mention their parents’ non-reconciliation with the Soviet reality, but they also remember the surveillance of the families and restriction of their rights. One of the signs of adapting to the regime was participation in the Soviet children’s and youth organizations. Parents sought to ensure that their children did not stand out in public; however, this was perceived as a mere necessity that did not change the values fostered within the family. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Partisan families lived a double life during the Soviet era: while adapting publicly, they maintained the spirit of resistance privately. This duality shaped the second generation’s view of the family and the national history, and it is on this basis that partisan children still reflect the Soviet occupation and the essence of partisan warfare today.
“Maybe They Really Were Collaborators and Got Attacked?” (Non)recollections of Collaboration and the Memory Work of Different Generations in the Families
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The author of the article discusses the relationship between collective memory and memory in the families in the context of issues of collaboration with the Soviet regime, presenting theoretical and methodological assumptions that enable the analysis of the symbolic work of memory performed by three generations in sixteen Lithuanian families – grandparents who remember the entire Soviet era, parents who were born and raised during this period, and grandchildren who grew up after the “break” in the 1990s. The text emphasizes issues of (implied) collaboration that arise when family members reflect on their experience of contact with the partisan war (1944–1953) and direct or indirect confrontation with the Soviet security structures. It is based on the assumption that family members encounter dominant meanings of the occupation and the repression-based regime, embedded in the collective memory and indicating how this period of the past should be remembered and evaluated. Memories related to collaboration issues force different generations to rethink their experiences and attitudes, their current assessment of them, and young family members to reflect “which side” they were on. The analysis allows us to better understand the multi-layered nature of the issues of collaboration with the Soviet regime discussed in public debates today and the complex intersection of different levels of memory, which requires witnesses of the past and their descendants to perform complex memory work.
Beliefs and Science of the Sasquatch / Bigfoot: Examples of Vernacular (Re)search
<p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">In his 1977 article, folklorist David Hufford argued against the epistemological authority of scientific knowledge over beliefs. In support of his argument, Hufford mentioned the American humanlike creature named Sasquatch, or Bigfoot; its existence has not been proven scientifically but should be trusted, in Hufford’s opinion, since it has been widely historically claimed and believed in. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">Attempts to explain the evolutionary origins or to prove the existence of the Sasquatch scientifically include field expeditions in search of the creature, popular science writings, and museum work. These efforts are examples of vernacular (re)search, conducted autonomously from academic and scientific institutions. Nevertheless, many vernacular (re)searchers strive to maintain scientific rigor in their activities and interpretations, and to adjust their (re)search to the framework of science. <p lang="en-GB" style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">The given article offers examples of interpretations and vernacular studies of the Sasquatch, a creature that keeps challenging the dichotomy between beliefs and (scientific) knowledge.
Copyright (c) 2025 Michele Tita https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Copyright (c) 2024 Authors https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
What Do the Egodocuments of Prelate Kazimieras Steponas Šaulys Tell Us
Prelato Kazimiero Stepono Šaulio dokumentai, sudarytojas Algimantas Katilius, Vilnius: Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus, 2024, 292 p., ISBN 987-609-478-081-3
On an Unforgettable Partisan and a Slightly Forgotten Price of Freedom
Apie anuos nepamirštamus laikus: Juozo Lukšos-Daumanto ir Nijolės Bražėnaitės susirašinėjimas, sudarytoja Laima Vincė-Sruoginis, Vilnius: Lietuvių literatūros ir tautosakos institutas, 2021, 478 p., ISBN 978-609-425-309-6
Jonas ir Adolfas Mekai, Gyvenimo lai(š)kai, sudarytojas Kęstutis Pikūnas, Vilnius: Post Scriptum. Litera, 2019, 159 / 320 p., ISBN 978-609-95853-4-5
Letter as a Way of Survival: The Case of Etty Hillesum
Etty Hillesum, Mąstanti barako širdis: laiškai iš Vesterborko lagerio, vertė Aušra Gudavičiūtė, Vilnius: Abigailė, 2021, 118 p., ISBN 9786098153217
Letters Are Like God’s Cakes. The Book of the Epistolary Legacy by Bishop Teofilius Matulionis
Teofilius Matulionis. Laiškai, sudarytojas Vaidotas Žukas, Vilnius: Palaimintojo Teofiliaus Matulionio labdaros ir paramos fondas, 2023, 520 p., ISBN 978-609-08-0104-8