Конструирование исторической идентичности в советской русской литературе Литвы

Santrauka

The study analyzes the construction of historical identity through thematic implementation, specific selection of historical events reflected in the texts, mentioned or depicted historical figures in prose, dramatic, poetic works in Russian, created by writers who were living at the time or lived in Lithuania earlier since the mid-1950s to the late 1990s. The analysis showed that the works that were published before the mid-1980s, reflect the Soviet model of history of Lithuania, in which periods of Sovietization are highlighted (the so-called socialist revolution of 1940s, marked by rallies and bitter struggle against internal enemies - the kulaks and priests) and World War II (the Great Patriotic War as a struggle of Lithuanians with Russians and other peoples of the USSR together against external enemies – the German fascists). Examples include stories and novels by Igor Kashnitskiy, Leonid Vaisberg. Only documentary essays reveal an appeal to the inter-war period of the Republic of Lithuania. This dark “bourgeois period” is used as a contrast to the bright socialist present. In the poems, stories, novels by Vladimir Ustinov, Yury Kobrin, Georgy Metelsky real figures of the past are featured – heroes of the national liberation struggle of the XIX century (Konstanty Kalinowski, Zigmas Serakauskas), the carriers of progressive social and artistic ideas (Adam Mickiewicz, Philomaths, Joachim Lelewel, Taras Shevchenko). They are the forerunners, like-minded allies and leaders of the communist movement of the early XX century (Felix Dzerzhinsky, Yakov Smushkevich, Juozas Vareikis in poems by Vladimir Ustinov, in play by Gregory Kanovich and Oleg Khaneev, story by Pavel Gelbak), which in turn are an example for their contemporaries. The present serves as the natural result and in some ways as the final of the class and national struggles.
A special kind of historical identity design is formed by two types of narratives. The first, presented by numerous works in prose and poems, consists of those that are devoted entirely to the events of the past (the collectivization in the Soviet Union, the Great Patriotic War) or include episodes of the past, but the action takes place outside of Lithuania. These are the stories and novels of the largest Russian writer from Lithuania – Konstantin Vorobyov, as well as works by Georgy Metelsky, Vladimir Konovalov and others. Historical and biographical novels and stories by Metelsky about the Soviet party and state leader Pyotr Smidovich (1976), Russian musical figure of the XIX century Alexandr Rubets (1983), Russian member of the revolutionary movement Ivan Fioletov (1984), Russian millionaire industrialist Sergei Maltsov (1995), Russian poet Fyodor Tyutchev (1995), Russian poet Alexey Tolstoy (1995) are not connected to Lithuania. Another type is formed by stories and novels by Grigory Kanovich, which composed a kind of historical saga of Lithuanian Jews, beginning with the first story (1959). Novels by Kanovich construct historical identity of Lithuanian Jews, covering the period from the end of the XIX century to the postwar years.
Since the second half of the 1980s, images of the past and its heroes are starting to change. An example of a departure from previous ideological schemes of relations with the past is the story of Yuri Grigoryev “Cinderella After the Ball” (1987), in which usual for Russian Soviet prose retrospection from the modern era to the past refers to a non-trivial for the works of Russian writers Lithuania era of the First World War, and then to the XIX century and is complicated by the appearance of the ghost of King Zygmunt August. Topics of Lithuanian history and legendary stories appear in poems by Vitaly Asovsky. In the stories and novels by Vasily Baranovsky, which are associated with the dramatic history of the Russian Old Believers, confessional accented version of Russian historical identity takes place. Documentary novels by Grigory Ozerov about the princes Dovmont (Daumantas) and Olgierd (Algirdas) indicate an attempt to combine the Russian national cultural historical identity with the Lithuanian historical identity, to give Russian historical consciousness Lithuanian color (or vice versa).