Four Most Common Nipple Reconstruction Techniques: A Literature Review

Abstract

Various techniques are used for nipple reconstruction. Based on recent publications, this paper reviews the four most used local flap reconstruction methods: C–V, Star, Arrow, and Skate flaps. All these techniques are relatively simple to perform, associated with few complications, and significantly contribute to patient well-being. They can be performed as a separate procedure or during the same surgery as breast reconstruction. The main challenge common to all these flaps is the gradual loss of nipple projection over time. Therefore, these methods are continually being refined to address emerging issues and improve their applicability in various clinical situations.