Abstract
Annotation. Tax planning is a topic of interest for taxpayers, practitioners, public authorities and academics. Analyzing scientific literature on tax planning shows that some authors are looking at the tax planning process, while others are looking at the factors that determine tax planning. Although there are a number of scientific literature analysing these factors, it is noted that there is a need to systematize this literature. The purpose of the article is to identify the determinants of tax planning activities in companies and households. Methods used in the article: systematic analysis of scientific literature, systematization of information, comparison, generalization. After analyzing the scientific literature, authors provide a concept of tax planning and selected determinants that encourage and inhibit the involvement of both types of taxpayers in tax planning activities. After a theoretical analysis, it was found that corporate tax planning is influenced by the company's profitability, profit begor taxes, internationalisation, the scale of foreign operations, listing, capital receptivity and growth, development, size and leverage of the company, optimism of the company CEO, experience of his military service, lobbying, reputation and financial accounting issues. Household tax planning is influenced by taxpayers' age, income, intra-household income inequality, experience, a compendium tax system, its complexity, fines, the likelihood ofecassionisation. Religiousity is a factor that hampers the involvement of both businesses and households in tax planning activities.
Keywords: tax planning, determinants, tax avoidance, households, company.
JEL Code: H26
References
Abdul Wahab, N. S., 2010. Tax Planning and Corporate Governance– Effects on Shareholders' Valuation. Southampton: University of Southampton.
Aliani, K., 2014. CEO Characteristics and Corporate Tax Planning Evidence from US Companies, Managerial and Financial Accounting. 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMFA.2014.060508.
Aronsson, T.; Daunfeldt, S.; Wikstroem, M., 2001. Intra–household Tax Avoidance: An Application to Swedish Household Data, Umeå Economic Studies 572, Umeå University, Department of Economics. Prieiga per:<http://www.econ.umu.se/DownloadAsset.action?contentId=73780&languageId=3&assetKey=ues572?> [žiūrėta 2020 10 31].
Assidi, S.; Aliani, K.; Omri, M.A., 2016. Tax Optimization and the Firm's Value: Evidence from the Tunisian Context, Borsa Istanbul Review. 16(3), p. 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bir.2016.04.002.
Assidi, S.; Omri, M.A., 2014. Information Quality and Tax Optimization Case of Tunisian Firms, European Journal of Accounting Auditing and Finance Research. 2(5), p. 76–86.
Belz, T.; Hagen, D.; Steffens, Ch., 2016. Taxes and Firm Size: Political Cost or Political Power?, EAA Annual Congress 2016. Mokslinės konferencijos, vykusios 2016 m. gegužės 11–13 d. Mastrichte, medžiaga. Prieiga per:<https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/41817> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Blouin, J., 2014. Defining and Measuring Tax Planning Aggressiveness, National Tax Journal. 67(4), 875–900. dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2014.4.06.
Boone, J. P.; Khurana, I.; Raman, K. K., 2013. Religiosity and Tax Avoidance, Journal of American Taxation Association. 35(1), p. 53–84. Prieiga per:<https://ssrn.com/abstract=2164433> [žiūrėta 2020 10 31].
Brizi, A.; Giacomantonio, M.; Schumpe, B.M., et al. 2015. Intention to Pay Taxes or to Avoid Them: The Impact of Social Value Orientation, Journal of Economic Psychology. 50 (C), p. 22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2015.06.005.
Bruce, D.; Deskins, J.; Fox, W.F., 2005. On The Extent, Growth, and Efficiency Consequences of State Business Tax Planning. Prieiga per:<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252773303> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Buettner, T.; Erbe, K.; Grimm, V. 2019. Tax Planning of Married Couples and Intra-household Income Inequality, Journal of Public Economics. 179, 104048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2019.104048
Capiez, A., 1994. L’exemple du crédit–bail: De l’optimisation fiscale à la planification fiscale, Revue Française de Gestion. p. 60–71.
Cooper, M.; Nguyen, Q.T.K. 2020. Multinational Enterprises and Corporate Tax Planning: A Review of Literature and Suggestions for a Future Research Agenda, International Business Review, 29(3), 101692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibusrev.2020.101692
Davis, A.K.; Guenther, D.; Krull, L. K., et. al., 2013. Taxes and Corporate Accountability Reporting: Is Paying Taxes Viewed as Socially Responsible? Prieiga per:<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272289980_Taxes_and_Corporate_Sustainability_Reporting_Is_Paying_Taxes_Viewed_as_Socially_Responsible> [žiūrėta 2020 10 31].
Dyreng, S., Hanlon, M., Maydew, E., 2008. Long–run Corporate Tax Avoidance, The Accounting Review. 83(1), p. 61–82. Prieiga per:<https://www.jstor.org/stable/30243511> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Dyreng, S., Hanlon, M., Maydew, E., 2010. The Effects of Executives on Corporate Tax Avoidance, The Accounting Review, 85(4), p. 1163–1189. Prieiga per:<https://www.jstor.org/stable/20744155> [žiūrėta 2020 12 11].
Edwards, A.; Schwab, C.; Shevlin, T., 2013. Financial Constraints and the Incentive for Tax Planning, 2013 American Taxation Association Midyear Meeting: New Faculty/ Doctoral Student Session. Prieiga per:< https://ssrn.com/abstract=2216875> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Erdos, E., 2010. Tax Optimization, Tax Avoidance or Tax Evasion? Contributions To The Offshore Companies’ Legal Background, Curentul Juridic, The Juridical Current, Le Courant Juridique, Petru Maior University, Faculty of Economics Law and Administrative Sciences and Pro Iure Foundation. 42, p. 54–67. Prieiga per:<https://old.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/ea/RePEc/curentul_juridic/rcj10/recjurid103_4F.pdf> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Feller, A.; Schanz, D., (2014). The Three Hurdles of Tax Planning: How Business Context, Aims of Tax Planning, and Tax Manager Power Affect Tax, arqus Discussion Paper, No. 176. Prieiga per:<https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/102676/1/79796195X.pdf> [žiūrėta 2020 12 11].
Graham, J. R.; Hanlon, M.; Shevlin, T., et. al., 2014. Incentives for Tax Planning and Avoidance: Evidence from the Field, The Accounting Review. 89(3)3, p. 991–1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr-50678.
Gribnau, H., 2015. Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Planning: Not by Rules Alone, Social & Legal Studies. 24(2), p. 225–250. Prieiga per:< https://ssrn.com/abstract=2610090> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Hanlon, M.; Heitzman, S., 2010. A Review of Tax Research. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1476561.
Hoi, C.H., Wu, Q.; Zhang, H., 2013. Is Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Associated with Tax Avoidance? Evidence from Irresponsible CSR Activity, Accounting Review. 88, p. 2025–2059. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr-50544.
Inger, K., 2013. Relative Valuation of Alternative Methods of Tax Avoidance, 2013 American Taxation Association Midyear Meeting: JATA Conference. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2216845.
Kawor, S.; Kportorgbi, H.K., 2014. Effect of Tax Planning on Firms Market Performance: Evidence from Listed Firms in Ghana, International Journal of Economics and Finance. 6(3), p. 162–168. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v6n3p162.
Kirchler, E.; Maciejovsky, B.; Schneider, F., 2001. Everyday Representations of Tax Avoidance, Tax Evasion, and Tax Flight: Do Legal Differences Matter?, Journal of Economic Psychology. 24(4), p. 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00164-2.
Laguir, I.; Elbaz, J.; Laguir, L., 2015. Empirical Evidence on SME’s Tax Management, Applied Economics Letters. 22(14), p. 1133–1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2015.1008757.
Lanis, R.; Richardson, G., 2012. Corporate Social Responsibility and Tax Aggressiveness: An Empirical Analysis, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy. 31, p. 86–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2011.10.006.
Law, K.K.F.; Mills, L. F., 2015. CEO Characteristics and Corporate Taxes.
Lietz, G. M., 2013. Determinants and Consequences of Corporate Tax Avoidance (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363868.
Lietz, G. M., 2013a. Tax Avoidance vs.Tax Aggressiveness: A Unifying Conceptual Framework. https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2363828.
Lisowsky, P.; Robinson, L.; Schmidt, A., 2013. Do Publicly Disclosed Tax Reserves Tell us About Privately Disclosed Tax Shelter Activity?, Journal of Accounting Research. 51(3), p. 583–629. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1481488.
Mahfoudh, M.; Ku Nor Izah, K. I., 2015. Corporate Tax Planning Activities: Overview of Concepts, Theories, Restrictions, Motivations and Approaches, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. 6(6), p. 350–358. Prieiga per:<https://ssrn.com/abstract=3221604> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Makutėnas, V.; Krikštonaitienė, D., 2017. Mokesčių optimizavimo galimybių modeliavimas verslo įmonėse, Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development. 39(3), p. 303–314. https://doi.org/10.15544/mts.2017.22.
Mulligan, E., 2008. Tax Planning in Practise: A Field Study of US Multinational Corporations. Warwick: University of Warwick. Prieiga per:<http://go.warwick.ac.uk/wrap/1113> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Neck, R.; Waechter, J. U.; Schneider, F., 2011. Tax Avoidance Versus Tax Evasion: On Some Determinants of the Shadow Economy, Int Tax Public Finance. 10.1007/s10797–011–9197–5.
OECD, 2016. Glossary of Tax Terms. Prieiga per:<http://www.oecd.org/ctp/glossaryoftaxterms.htm> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Piriou, J–P.,1997. Croissance équitable et concurrence fiscale, Rapport du CAE. 58.
Prebble, Z.; Prebble, J., 2010. The Morality of Tax Avoidance. Creighton Law Review. 43(3), p. 693 – 745.
Rego, S. O., 2003. Tax Avoidance Activities of U.S. Multinational Corporations. Prieiga per:<https://ssrn.com/abstract=427600> [žiūrėta 2020 12 11].
Richardson, G.; Lanis, R., 2007. Determinants of the Variability in Corporate Effective Tax Rates and Tax Reform: Evidence from Australia, Journal of Accounting and Public Policy. 26(6), p. 689–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2007.10.003.
Richter, B. K.; Samphantharak, K.; Timmons, J.F., 2009. Lobbying and Taxes, American Journal of Political Science, 53(4), p. 893–909. Prieiga per:<https://www.jstor.org/stable/20647957> [žiūrėta 2020 10 31].
Siegfried, J., 1972. The Relationship between Economic Structure and the Effect of Political Influence: Empirical Evidence from the Federal Corporation Income Tax Program, PhD dissertation. Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin.
Slemrod, J., 2004. The Economics of Corporate Tax Selfishness. National Tax Journal, 57(4), p. 877–899. Prieiga per:<https://www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w10858/w10858.pdf> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Slemrod, J.; Yitzhaki, S., 2002. Tax Avoidance, Evasion, and Administration, Handbook of Public Economics: Chapter 22. 3, p. 1423–1470. Prieiga per:<http://www.rybn.org/thegreatoffshore/THE%20GREAT%20OFFSHORE/7.RESOURCES/ACADEMIC%20PAPERS/TAX%20AVOIDANCE/Tax%20Avoidance,%20Evasion,%20And%20Administration.pdf> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Vasanthi, R., 2015. A Study on Tax Planning Pattern of Salaried Assessee, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting. 6(1), p. 170–173.
Watson, L., 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility, Tax Avoidance, and Earnings Performance, Journal of the American Taxation Association. 37(2), p. 1–21. Prieiga per:<https://ssrn.com/abstract=2540328> [žiūrėta 2020 10 31].
William, H.; Hoffman, Jr., 1961. The Theory of Tax Planning, The Accounting Review. 36(2), p. 274–281. Prieiga per:< https://www.jstor.org/stable/243232> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
Zetler, H., 2013. International Tax Planning and Anti–Tax Avoidance Provisions – An Economic and Legal Analysis. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
Буньковский, Д.В., 2016. Легальные и нелегальные способы налоговой оптимизации предпринимательского проекта, Bulletin of the East Siberian State University of Technology / Vestnik VSGTU. 1(58), 61–67. Prieiga per:<http://web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=6495aff2-c17f-4a4b-9fa9-ba9a211493d4%40sessionmgr103> [žiūrėta 2020 11 13].
